On the challenges of measuring interfacial characteristics of three‐phase fluid flow with x‐ray microtomography

Synchrotron‐based x‐ray computed microtomography contributes high‐resolution, three‐dimensional observations to investigations of multiphase fluid transport in porous media. Pore‐scale observations are valuable to the development and validation of new theory, as well as numerical models. Computed microtomography has been used previously to measure fluid content and interfacial areas in systems containing two fluids (air–water, oil–water) and to a limited extent to measure fluid content and entrapped fluid morphology in systems containing three fluids (air–oil–water). This study addresses challenges that arise when imaging three‐phase flow in spreading systems. The first challenge is related to wettability alteration. Observations reported herein suggest that the wettability of solid surfaces changed over the course of a three‐fluid phase flow experiment, a phenomenon that has not been observed in similar, previously conducted two‐fluid phase experiments. Follow‐up experiments showed that wettability alteration is significant when oil–solid contact is combined with x‐ray exposure, and is not reversed with a conventional cleaning procedure. The second challenge arises in segmenting three‐phase images, and thereby obtaining data from which various measures can be quantified with sufficient accuracy. Partial volume effects and blur often cause the grey‐scale values of different fluids to overlap and appropriate steps must be taken to avoid ambiguity at phase boundaries. A comparison of images collected at standard resolution (10.6 microns voxel^–1) to those collected at a higher resolution (5.3 microns voxel^–1) showed that saturation measurements are within 5% of each other, but interfacial areas for three‐phase systems may be underestimated at standard resolution by as much as 25%.     

武定鸡肉中鲜味肽分离鉴定及呈味特性

利用超滤分级、凝胶过滤色谱法和反相-高效液相色谱法对武定鸡肉中鲜味肽进行分离纯化,结合感官评价追踪鲜味最强烈的组分,以纳升高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用技术与固相合成法对鲜味肽进行鉴定和合成,进一步分析鲜味肽的序列来源及其呈味特征。结果表明：从武定鸡肉中分离鉴定出8 条多肽,分子质量范围为365.20～1 735.92 Da,其中LDF、FVT和DLAGRDLTDYLMKIL这3 条肽段具有明显的鲜味活性,阈值在0.062～0.250 mg/mL之间,是武定鸡肉鲜味的关键组分。     

增大压缩比对国六柴油机性能的影响

通过理论分析和试验验证,研究增大压缩比对国六增压柴油机不同负荷工况点燃油消耗率的影响规律和对后处理系统性能的影响。结果表明:增大压缩比可降低柴油机的燃油消耗率;在使用进气节流阀导致进气管压力低于环境压力的情况下,能够提供足够高的缸内压缩压力,但同时会导致排气温度降低,影响颗粒捕集器再生效率。     

某含铷花岗岩矿石中伴生钽铌锂的综合回收试验研究

伴生资源综合利用是绿色矿山建设、节约能源的重要举措。某地花岗岩型独立铷矿中伴生钽、铌、锂金属,为实现该铷矿的资源化利用,对钽、铌、锂进行了详细的综合回收试验研究。矿石中Ta2O5、Nb2O5、Li2O品位分别为42.15 g/t、184.00 g/t和0.086%;钽铌赋存于铌铁矿中,锂主要赋存于铁锂云母中。确定采用磁选优先回收铌铁矿和铁锂云母—磁精矿重选回收钽铌—重选尾矿浮选回收锂的选矿工艺。试验结果表明：在磨矿细度为-0.074 mm占61.81%的条件下,经弱磁选除铁—强磁选—两段摇床重选得到含11 650 g/t Ta2O5、50 400 g/t Nb2O5的钽铌精矿,钽、铌回收率分别为38.46%和38.11%,钽、铌富集比均超过270;以碳酸钠、水玻璃作为调整剂,氧化石蜡皂和十二胺作为阴阳离子组合捕收剂,对重选尾矿进行浮选富集铁锂云母,经1次粗选、1次精选、1次扫选获得Li2O品位1.837%、回收率50.84%的铁锂云母精矿。该研究实现了该矿石中伴生钽铌锂的选矿回收富集,为该类矿石的工业利用提供了借鉴。     

Design of a 3D aligned myocardial tissue construct from biodegradable polyesters

The heart does not regenerate new functional tissue when myocardium dies following coronary artery occlusion, or if it is defective. Ventricular restoration involves excising the infarct and replacing it with a cardiac patch to restore the heart to a more healthy condition. The goal of this study was to design and develop a clinically applicable myocardial patch to replace myocardial infarcts and improve long-term heart function. A basic design composed of 3D microfibrous mats that house mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was developed from human umbilical cord matrix (Wharton’s Jelly) cells aligned in parallel to each other mimicking the native myocardium. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), poly(L-D,L-lactic acid) (P(L-D,L)LA) and poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) were blended and electrospun into aligned fiber mats with fiber diameter ranging between 1.10 and 1.25 μm. The micron-sized parallel fibers of the polymer blend were effective in cell alignment and cells have penetrated deep within the mat through the fiber interstices, occupying the whole structure; 8–9 cell layers were obtained. Biodegradable macroporous tubings were introduced to serve as nutrient delivery route. It was possible to create a thick myocardial patch with structure similar to the native tissue and with a capability to grow.     

Wall Resistance in Graphite-Block Heat Exchangers

Abstract

Accurate data have been obtained on the thermal conductivity of six grades of manufactured graphite. In particular, the effect of orientation, manufacturing process, and impregnant content on the thermal conductivity was investigated. Using the thermal conductivity data, a three-dimensional finite-element model has been set up to determine the wall resistance of a particular graphite block. The effect of the anisotropy of the extruded graphite on the wall resistance was investigated. It was found that the anisotropy can be neglected if the wall resistance is calculated by assuming that the blocks have an isotropic thermal conductivity equal to the thermal conductivity perpendicular to the direction of extrusion. Also, the phenol formaldehyde film on the surface of the heat exchanger channels was determined to have a significant thermal resistance. It was calculated that, for typical operating film coefficients with water on both sides, the overall heat transfer coefficient can be expected to increase by more than 50% if the resin layer is removed.     

Supramolecular Assemblies Constructed by Cucurbituril-Catalyzed Click Reaction

Cucurbituril homologues are multi-functional macrocycles that can find applications in many areas and have numerous interesting features setting them apart from the other macrocycles. Among them, the ability of one of the cucurbituril homologues, cucurbit[6]uril (CB6), to catalyze 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition in a regiospecific fashion is truly exceptional. Using this feature, small molecules can be clicked together to form complex structures in a very efficient way. Accordingly, in this article we review recent research involving the use of CB6-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition or the click reaction of CB6 in the construction of supramolecular assemblies including rotaxanes, pseudorotaxanes, polyrotaxanes, polypseudorotaxanes, molecular switches, machines, and nanovalves.